![]() ![]() 2012), porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), and porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV), also known as swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV, Gong et al. 2019), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV, Pensaert and Bouck 1978), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV, Woo et al. For example, porcine CoVs are common porcine pathogens, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) (Doyle and Hutchings 1946), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV, Chen et al. In addition to human CoVs, many animal CoVs also cause diseases in domestic animals and serious harm to livestock farming. The frequent global CoV pandemics in the new century have alarmed experts and indicated the great threat of pathogenic CoVs to public health worldwide. Together with 2 human CoVs (HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43) discovered in the 1960s, 7 types of CoVs have been found to infect humans to date (Vetterlein and Hesse 1965 McIntosh et al. 2020), among which SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 are highly pathogenic CoVs. 2005), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV, 2012) (Zaki et al. 2004), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1, 2005) (Woo et al. During the last two decades, 5 types of coronaviruses (CoV) have been found to infect humans, including SARS-CoV (2003) (Falsey and Walsh 2003), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, 2004) (van der Hoek et al. The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been prevalent in almost all regions of the world, resulting in 129,471,273 confirmed cases and 2,825,407 deaths by April 1, 2021. COVID-19 was declared as a worldwide pandemic on Febru(WHO n.d.). This information will promote understanding of the phylogenetic relationship and infectious transmission of various pathogenic nidoviruses, including epidemic CoVs, which will benefit virological research and viral disease control. Here, we first provide an overview of the latest research progress in the classification of the Nidovirales order and then introduce the host range, genetic variation, genomic pattern and pathogenic features of epidemic CoVs and other epidemic viruses. Recently, advanced techniques for viral detection and viral genome analyses have enabled characterization of many new nidoviruses than ever and have greatly expanded the Nidovirales order with new classification and nomenclature. CoVs belong to the Coronaviridae family of the Nidovirales order. Since the beginning of the new century, increasing attention has been given to research on CoVs due to the emergence of highly pathogenic and genetically diverse CoVs that have caused several epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Although most CoVs inhabit their specific natural hosts, some may occasionally cross the host barrier to infect livestock and even people, causing a variety of diseases. The major hosts for CoVs are birds and mammals. The frequent emergence of coronavirus (CoV) epidemics has seriously threatened public health and stock farming.
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